[5] He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Russians. Find out where Kim Philby was born, their birthday and details about their professions, education, religion, family and other life details and facts. Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the Venona project) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British Embassy in Washington. JOHN Philby, the eldest son of Soviet spy Kim Philby, who was a double agent and the notorious Third Man in the Cambridge spy ring of the 1930s, has died in England. Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. He had been ordered to investigate Maclean, another double agent who had been passing British secrets to the Soviets. From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. [6] Following in the footsteps of his father, Philby continued to Westminster School, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. [citation needed] It later emerged that the agentknown as Schmidthad also worked as an informant for the Rote Kapelle organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. And here he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. BROWN:: St. John Philby was born in Ceylon, then a part of the British Empire, very typically English ruling-class family, military background, senior military appointments and one of the colonists who went out to build the coffee industry in Ceylon at the turn of the century.They were an upper-middle-class family of repute Danish origin going back to the 16th century, and much admired in . His alcoholic mother, Aileen Furse, was his father's mistress before they were married in 1946 after he divorced his first wife. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits. He had five, one of whom, incidentally, was named after George Washington, the American president. She emphasised the strength and goodness of their fathers moral and political beliefs as a committed communist who wanted peaceful co-existence between East and West. Harry St John Bridger Philby Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) (3 April 1885, Badulla, British Ceylon - 30 September 1960, Beirut, Lebanon), also known as Jack Philby or Sheikh Abdullah ( ), was a British Arabist, adviser, explorer, writer, and colonial office intelligence officer. But for intelligence history aficionados it marked the 50th anniversary of the escape to Moscow of notorious double spy Harold Adrian Russell Philby. He. Pukhova said he was a "special" and principled man. Philby worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. [14] Philby later recalled: Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a "man of decisive importance". But he also did it to impress her. They went to live with an aunt and uncle, and saw little of his father. Then she drove off with the children. He is widely considered history's most successful double spy. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby had seen the full Barclay report. He and his sister Josephine were flown to Moscow by the Russians for his father's funeral in 1988. [20] However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt."[20]. Once hed gone, she rode out the public furore, the door-stepping journalists, the MI5 questioning, the abuse and insinuations, the bullying of her sons at school. David Pryce-Jones: October 2004: The New Criterion published by the Foundation for Cultural Review, New York, a nonprofit public foundation as described in Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, London Gazette Issue 43735 published on 10 August 1965. p. 1, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 18:55, plot to subvert the communist regime of Albania, Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 19411945", "Philby, Harold Adrian Russell [Kim] (19121988), spy", Cricinfo Player Profile of Ernest Sheepshanks, "Kim Philby, British double agent, reveals all in secret video", "Kim Philby, the Observer connection and the establishment world of spies", " 70 [1987, DjVu, RUS] [The national economy of the USSR for 70 years. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets.[2]. The comments below have not been moderated, By After all, they won the war.'". Tagged with Cold War, defectors, double agents, Dudley Thomas Philby, H.A.R. Then they boarded what was described as a small military-type aircraft which flew them to Moscow to be reunited with Donald. Were sorry, this feature is currently unavailable. Although she would be left pitied, even censured, and alone in a country in which she had spent barely one-tenth of her life, it might be better that he should be free to live a new life in Moscow than spend a decade behind bars. Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles: "Before then," he later wrote, "there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the International Brigades. Burgess' defection to Moscow with Maclean in 1951 cast suspicion on Philby snr. Philby jnr admitted that when the news broke, he felt a sense of something approaching quiet approval. The intercepted messages revealed that the British Embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to New York City to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. Maclean bequeathed Blake his library of books, including Trollope, Macaulay's History of England, Morley's Life of Gladstone, and the Macmillan and Eden memoirs. [11][pageneeded], In February 1937, Philby travelled to Seville, Spain, then embroiled in a bloody civil war triggered by the coup d'tat of Falangist forces under General Francisco Franco against the democratic government of President Manuel Azaa. When young Philby's mother died in 1957, none of her children was invited to the funeral, and he never knew where she was buried. Although the father seemed to be an almost heroic figure in the son's eyes, the master spy never explained his treachery to him. With his brilliant mind and First from Cambridge, Maclean could bask in being the superior intellect to an under-educated, attractive woman who was both affectionate and popular, where he was withdrawn, giving nothing of himself away. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under Operation Valuable, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. ''His boozy amours, his tough postures, his intelligence expertise, are directly related to the same characteristics in (Ian) Fleming's hero. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine. While working as a senior member of British intelligence, he spied on behalf of the Soviet NKVD and KGB from the early 1930s until his defection. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Donald Maclean, who worked in the British Embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. [11][pageneeded], A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when Konstantin Volkov, an NKVD agent and vice-consul in Istanbul, requested political asylum in Britain for himself and his wife. Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Kim Philby in Russia in 1968, five years after defecting. The difference between the two concepts is important, as the information position of the two categories is rather different. His cover story was that he was a political migr, a trade union leader persecuted in England for his political views. Dora Patricia Cardew Philby. He got himself a job teaching English in a school. [49] Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan which would warn Maclean, in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. The photographs depict many of the protagonists in this political and military struggle, including Colonel T.E. In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, Philby met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. The gang of British spies who ended up in Moscow in the 1950s and 1960s were employed in KGB training schools and international research institutes. In September 1949, the Philbys arrived in the United States. "There was one funny incident," she remembered. "[69] Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable to work had come back". No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel room the following year. But in Russia he is still admired as a hero. They took the train to Zurich, where they changed trains to Schwarzach in Austria. It was a miracle. He trained Albanian commandossome of whom were former Nazi collaboratorsin Libya or Malta. [33] Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (Abwehr code-name Bodden) never came to fruition. [19] Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. Solomon went to work for the British retailer Marks & Spencer. [71] However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia. In 1971, Philby married Rufina Pukhova, a Russo-Polish woman 20 years his junior, with whom he lived until his death in 1988. Certain aspects of Soviet life did indeed disappoint Philby, with his wife claiming he was "particularly irritated by Brezhnev". Donald Maclean, although arrogant and someone who liked a drink too, was regarded as more convivial. Kim Philby, , . She put the two boys into the International School in Geneva and finally explained to them what had happened to their father, reporting to her sister that their worst fear seems to be that I might vanish too. His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and top-secret communications between the United States and London. Angleton, later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Counterintelligence Staff, became suspicious of Philby when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the Gestapo in Germany. Later, realising that he lacked the talent to be a professional painter, Philby worked briefly as a freelance newspaper photographer before taking up joinery. [48], Burgess's presence was awkward for Philby, yet it was potentially dangerous for Philby to leave him unsupervised. "[23], Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946.[41]. Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950. Please. We all loved him enormously. [90] Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. Philby had other less damaging routines: a cup of Russian tea at 7am and English tea with milk at 5pm, drunk from a fine porcelain cup. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting: A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. And this was the line Melinda presented to MI5 after his defection with fellow mole Guy Burgess: she had been every bit as duped as theyd been. While working as a senior member of British intelligence, he spied on behalf of the Soviet NKVD and KGB from the early 1930s until his defection. Philby's less attractive personal qualities were matched by a charm to which many of his MI6 colleagues succumbed. She told a BBC documentary: He was just dad. [39][5], The intervention of Philby in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised Philby's position. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. there is a new book on the shelves, a fictional account of philby and his recruitment when he went to vienna austria, then returning to Britain to carry out his duties. [34], During 194243, Philby's responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. "[51] On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at Tatsfield, Surrey to Southampton, where both boarded the steamship Falaise to France and then proceeded to Moscow. His mother, Dora nee Johnston, was his father's first wife. Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby ORB, OL ODN (1 January 1912 11 May 1988)[1] was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union. He was paid 500 roubles a month (the average Soviet salary in 1960 was Rbls80.60 a month and Rbls122 in 1970)[76][77] and his family was not immediately able to join him in exile. He claimed he made the admission to her to excuse his lateness for their meetings when he was busy handling documents and rendezvousing with his Soviet handler. Their first three children, Josephine, John and Tommy Philby, were born between 1941 and 1944. Philby was thus able to evade blame and detection. When her brother-in-law, Alan Maclean, asked her whether she would join Donald if she knew for sure that he was behind the Iron Curtain, she gave a firm No. By His controller in Paris, the Latvian Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in Moscow in 1937 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, Philby was put in charge of the subsection which dealt with Spain and Portugal. Macleans study resembled that of a Cambridge professor, with copies of Trollope, biographies of Gladstone and airmail editions of The Times. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and Philby made many trips to Berlin. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their disinformation efforts. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Tangier. Following Aileen Philby's death in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, Philby and Eleanor were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Imperial Japanese Embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. (LogOut/ Philby, one of the few British intelligence officers operating in America at the time, was an obvious possibility. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. Harry had 6 siblings: Mary B Philby, Kathleen V Philby and 4 other siblings. Registered in England No. [84] Despite reports to the contrary, Philby's wife claimed in a 1997 interview that the idea of Philby becoming depressed and destitute in Moscow was "a myth". Rufina Pukhova, his Russian-Polish wife, said Philby struggled to control his drinking by downing only two glasses of cognac a night and then handing her the bottle to hide. We are no longer accepting comments on this article. I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. Stewart Menzies, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees. The NKVD received the same report from Richard Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. Henry was born circa 1823, in Loughton, Essex, England. Change). Philby or his Russian bosses dreamed up this claim so he would not be seen as a traitor to democratic Britain. Garbo/Pujol of WW II fame was a double agent, i.e. [11][pageneeded], Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter planes and Panzer I and Panzer II tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. Harry Montague Philby was born in month 1857, at birth place, to Henry Adams Philby and Mary Philby (born Bridger). [78][pageneeded] Philby was under virtual house arrest, guarded, with all visitors screened by the KGB. It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart herself, at this time, a Soviet agent who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence. Harry George Philby Birth. His drinking made him paranoid that his wife would abandon him. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, just following the end of World War II. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London. [17], In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. He was implicated in a similar campaign in Albania. Maclean was unsure how to act, feeling a mixture of guilt and love, not knowing where he stood with the children he had abandoned and not been able to contact. death death: 1988-05-11. manner of death: Natural Causes cause of death: Myocardial Infarction. The two men said very little and the interview lasted barely five minutes. Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He barely embraced his wife. Born in Rotterdam, George was the son of Albert Behar, a Turkish-born Sephardic Jew, and his wife, Catherine (nee Beijderwellen), a Dutch Protestant. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. PHILBY GB165-0229 Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. The stammering, debonair Philby was suspected of being the so-called Third Man and, although he was investigated, he swore that he did not know Maclean. Wages and incomes of the population. Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British Embassy in Ankara on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. [5] He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history and economics. Death: Immediate Family: Daughter of St John Philby and Dora Philby. But MI6 found it hard to believe that Philby could be a Soviet agent. When the news broke in Britain that she, too, had defected, the Press rounded on Melinda, turning the pathetic and lonely figure theyd previously portrayed her as into a scheming deceiver. He was 65. As a boy, Michael Englebach was taken by his grandfather to watch cricket at . Philby had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. There, a tall man in a blue suit and red bow-tie held out his hand and said: I am Donald Maclean. With him in the room was Guy Burgess. Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts, since 2008 by Ian Allen Melinda put the bravest of faces on her situation when she wrote to her still grief-stricken mother that she understood the suffering she had caused. Shortly after the extent of Philby's penetration was publicised in October. He told The Telegraph that he personally did not agree with his fathers political views, but added: he was what he was, what could I do?. Philby had defected to the Soviet Union from Beirut in 1963, and was treated with respect, but felt isolated. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and working with the Turkish security services.[42]. Philby was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. The news that Philby, a former MI6 officer, had been spying for the Russians since 1933 sounded an alarm in Whitehall. Melinda, now officially Natasha Frazer, hated Kuybyshev, which she found very primitive, and for a while Donald was depressed and disillusioned by the reality of Soviet Russia. Donald is well and happy to be with his family again. Yesterday, in our serialisation of an electrifying biography based on newly released papers, we heard how he fled to Moscow just as he was about to be arrested leaving behind his supposedly innocent wife. 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